High Voltage Clearance Calculator
2021年6月20日Download here: http://gg.gg/v2lpi
*Applied Voltage Calculator
*High Voltage Clearance Calculator Conversion
*Voltage Clearance Chart
Several years ago, Sierra Circuits published a guide toward the design and manufacture of high voltage circuit boards, with potentials up to 40,000 V.
Zhenya Liu, in Ultra-High Voltage Ac/dc Grids, 2015. 10.6.2.1 Structure of post insulator. The porcelain post insulator and vertical bushing are both the deep under-rib shed-type, with the minimum spacing of the shed being no less than 95 mm, ratio of the shed spacing to the shed overhang being no less than 1.0, and specific creepage distance being no less than 54 mm/kV. There are further requirements for the clearance between live parts and surrounding fences or vehicles driving through the substation. All relevant clearances in high voltage substations can be calculated easily and quickly using primtech. Air Insulated Substation 3D.Considering Creepage and Clearance
Much of the advice in that brief regards a narrow project category, and I have an idea that a review of the basic layout precautions for any board that would carry what is considered hazardous voltage—greater than 30 VRMS, or 60 V dc—would have a much wider audience. There’s no harm reiterating such rules now and again, which could save a lot of headaches and perhaps liability down the road.
If the system or product for which your board is destined must meet IEC or UL standards, the minimum distance permitted between conductors that are subject to hazardous voltage will include a wide margin for safety, which depends on the peak working voltage, the laminate material, the operating environment (moisture, particulates, altitude), the circuit location relative to human access or proximity, and whether the traces involved are on an internal or outer layer. The spacing required on outer layers also depends on whether traces are coated or bare.
Best clash of clans base town hall 8. If the clearance is too small, a transient over-voltage event can result in arcing between the conductors. This is a virtually instantaneous fault that does not recur until another such over-voltage event. Faults resulting from insufficient spacing for creepage can take much longer to occur.
Determining what spacing to use is simple if your system or product requires compliance with international safety standards. Find the standard relevant to the product category and adhere to the tabulated values with respect to the details of your application as noted. For example, IEC-60950-1 (second edition) is the document to consult for most IT products to be sold internationally that are powered from ac mains, or batteries, and applies both to the primary side and the dc secondary circuits within those products.
Starting with section 2.10.3, midway through the document, the standard defines what clearances are required so that over-voltages, including transients and peak voltages that may be generated within the equipment, cannot cause faults. A series of tables, 2J through 2M, explains how to calculate clearances with respect to the details of your application. Next, section 2.10.4 explains how to determine the spacing required for creepage.Clearance vs. Creepage
What’s the difference between clearance and creepage? Clearance is the shortest distance between two conductors measured through air. Creepage is the shortest distance between two conductors, measured along the surface of the insulation separating them. Consider the ways an electrical fault between conductors can occur if the clearance or the creepage spacing is too small. If the clearance is too small, a transient over-voltage event can result in arcing between the conductors, especially if there is dust in the air or humidity. This is a virtually instantaneous fault that does not recur until another such over-voltage event. Faults resulting from insufficient spacing for creepage can take much longer to occur.
Over time, usually stemming from dust buildup and moisture, a path (in other words, a track) for current to leak from one conductor to another can develop and cause a gradual breakdown of the surface of the insulating material between them. The mechanism for this is not a voltage spike—though that could contribute—but the continual presence of high voltage combined with an insulating material whose Comparative Tracking Index (CTI) is too low.
CTI is a measure of a material as an electrical insulator and is expressed as the voltage at which the surface of a material breaks down under a standardized test. The manufacturers of PCB laminates publish CTI figures for their products. For convenience, the breakdown voltages are lumped into six categories: The highest rating is 0 for withstand values of 600 V and greater and the lowest is 5, for less than 100 V. For example, conventional FR4 has a Comparative Tracking Index of from 175 to 249 volts, which places it in rating category 3.
Conventional FR4 has a Comparative Tracking Index of from 175 to 249 volts.
The paramount objective of all electrical safety standards is of course to prevent any danger of shock. If no one will ever be near a circuit while it is powered, the clearance and creepage allowances among its conductors that are subject to hazardous voltage can be the minimum that ensures the circuit will function and not deteriorate. IEC-60950-1 specifies five increasing levels of mandatory insulation related to the physical location of a circuit relative to human contact, the voltage, and the operating environment. Naturally, the best tactic to avoid the danger of shock or circuit degradation is to space traces as far apart as possible but very often that distance will not meet creepage requirements. What can be done in those cases?
If turning to a material with a better CTI is not feasible, routing a slot in the space between two traces can increase the creepage distance. Leakage from one trace to the other along the laminate surface would have to travel around the air gap. Alternatively, a vertical barrier of insulating material could be placed in the space, which would increase both the creepage and clearance distances.
Keep in mind the spacing on assembled boards when you consider creepage and clearance requirements for layout. The distance between an uninsulated edge of a charged component and the edge of an adjacent component could be too small to meet a clearance requirement, even though the creepage distance between their traces is sufficient. Moreover, there may be some operations needed during assembly to meet clearance requirements: for example, applying potting compound to isolate the leads on the package of a power semiconductor from some nearby component.
If your project does not require compliance with a particular safety standard, you can rely on the latest version of IPC-2221, the generic standard for PCB design, for clearance and creepage guidance. In any case, consultation with your PCB fabricator and assembler regarding suitable materials (you can read our article about choosing the right material) and design alternatives will help you achieve a safe product that meets your performance objectives at the lowest possible cost.
Our quick trip through the basics of laying out boards that involve hazardous voltage amounts to just a first step, simply an opportunity to point to out some helpful and hopefully familiar guideposts as you start your journey.For more information on design rules, check with our DESIGN SERVICE team.
The construction of Air Insulated Substations (AIS) entails special requirements for the maintenance of minimum distances between the different phases in live parts as well as between live and earthed/grounded parts. There are further requirements for the clearance between live parts and surrounding fences or vehicles driving through the substation. All relevant clearances in high voltage substations can be calculated easily and quickly using primtech.
Air Insulated Substation 3D model with the 3 phases colored in red, green and blue
Intelligent 3D Substation Model
In order to calculate clearances in a substation according to IEC 60071-2, there are two fundamental prerequisites that have to be fulfilled:
a) A 3D CAD-model of the substation.
b) Information about each geometry - specifying if it is a live or earthed/grounded part, an insulator or a special object e.g. fence or street.
Both requirements are completely fulfilled by primtech.
Top view diagram of live phases in an Air Insulated Substation
The Phase Checker
On the basis of the intelligent primtech 3D-models, the Phase Checker classifies all geometries into the following:
* live parts
* earth parts
* insulators
* fences
* streets
All live parts are then classified, through automatic phase tracking, into phase 1, 2 or 3. As a side note, you can also use the phase checker to see if all electrical conductors are correctly connected.
Clearance Calculation
All the required minimum distances throughout the whole substation can now be automatically determined based on the 3D model processed by the Phase Checker. The parts of the substation to be checked for sufficient clearance by be chosen individually and flexibly. primtech then visually highlight the areas which do not fulfill the minimum distance requirements to each other. The following clearances can be calculates:
Warning for insufficient Phase to Earth (left) and Phase to Fence (right) clearanceApplied Voltage Calculator
*Phase to Phase
*Phase to Earth
*Phases to Streets
*Phases to Fences
*Phases to Ground Level
*Insulators to Ground Level
Insufficient Phase to Phase clearance
High Voltage Clearance Calculator ConversionClash DetectionVoltage Clearance Chart
In addition to the clearance calculation, primtech can check the 3D model for collisions.
Download here: http://gg.gg/v2lpi
https://diarynote.indered.space
*Applied Voltage Calculator
*High Voltage Clearance Calculator Conversion
*Voltage Clearance Chart
Several years ago, Sierra Circuits published a guide toward the design and manufacture of high voltage circuit boards, with potentials up to 40,000 V.
Zhenya Liu, in Ultra-High Voltage Ac/dc Grids, 2015. 10.6.2.1 Structure of post insulator. The porcelain post insulator and vertical bushing are both the deep under-rib shed-type, with the minimum spacing of the shed being no less than 95 mm, ratio of the shed spacing to the shed overhang being no less than 1.0, and specific creepage distance being no less than 54 mm/kV. There are further requirements for the clearance between live parts and surrounding fences or vehicles driving through the substation. All relevant clearances in high voltage substations can be calculated easily and quickly using primtech. Air Insulated Substation 3D.Considering Creepage and Clearance
Much of the advice in that brief regards a narrow project category, and I have an idea that a review of the basic layout precautions for any board that would carry what is considered hazardous voltage—greater than 30 VRMS, or 60 V dc—would have a much wider audience. There’s no harm reiterating such rules now and again, which could save a lot of headaches and perhaps liability down the road.
If the system or product for which your board is destined must meet IEC or UL standards, the minimum distance permitted between conductors that are subject to hazardous voltage will include a wide margin for safety, which depends on the peak working voltage, the laminate material, the operating environment (moisture, particulates, altitude), the circuit location relative to human access or proximity, and whether the traces involved are on an internal or outer layer. The spacing required on outer layers also depends on whether traces are coated or bare.
Best clash of clans base town hall 8. If the clearance is too small, a transient over-voltage event can result in arcing between the conductors. This is a virtually instantaneous fault that does not recur until another such over-voltage event. Faults resulting from insufficient spacing for creepage can take much longer to occur.
Determining what spacing to use is simple if your system or product requires compliance with international safety standards. Find the standard relevant to the product category and adhere to the tabulated values with respect to the details of your application as noted. For example, IEC-60950-1 (second edition) is the document to consult for most IT products to be sold internationally that are powered from ac mains, or batteries, and applies both to the primary side and the dc secondary circuits within those products.
Starting with section 2.10.3, midway through the document, the standard defines what clearances are required so that over-voltages, including transients and peak voltages that may be generated within the equipment, cannot cause faults. A series of tables, 2J through 2M, explains how to calculate clearances with respect to the details of your application. Next, section 2.10.4 explains how to determine the spacing required for creepage.Clearance vs. Creepage
What’s the difference between clearance and creepage? Clearance is the shortest distance between two conductors measured through air. Creepage is the shortest distance between two conductors, measured along the surface of the insulation separating them. Consider the ways an electrical fault between conductors can occur if the clearance or the creepage spacing is too small. If the clearance is too small, a transient over-voltage event can result in arcing between the conductors, especially if there is dust in the air or humidity. This is a virtually instantaneous fault that does not recur until another such over-voltage event. Faults resulting from insufficient spacing for creepage can take much longer to occur.
Over time, usually stemming from dust buildup and moisture, a path (in other words, a track) for current to leak from one conductor to another can develop and cause a gradual breakdown of the surface of the insulating material between them. The mechanism for this is not a voltage spike—though that could contribute—but the continual presence of high voltage combined with an insulating material whose Comparative Tracking Index (CTI) is too low.
CTI is a measure of a material as an electrical insulator and is expressed as the voltage at which the surface of a material breaks down under a standardized test. The manufacturers of PCB laminates publish CTI figures for their products. For convenience, the breakdown voltages are lumped into six categories: The highest rating is 0 for withstand values of 600 V and greater and the lowest is 5, for less than 100 V. For example, conventional FR4 has a Comparative Tracking Index of from 175 to 249 volts, which places it in rating category 3.
Conventional FR4 has a Comparative Tracking Index of from 175 to 249 volts.
The paramount objective of all electrical safety standards is of course to prevent any danger of shock. If no one will ever be near a circuit while it is powered, the clearance and creepage allowances among its conductors that are subject to hazardous voltage can be the minimum that ensures the circuit will function and not deteriorate. IEC-60950-1 specifies five increasing levels of mandatory insulation related to the physical location of a circuit relative to human contact, the voltage, and the operating environment. Naturally, the best tactic to avoid the danger of shock or circuit degradation is to space traces as far apart as possible but very often that distance will not meet creepage requirements. What can be done in those cases?
If turning to a material with a better CTI is not feasible, routing a slot in the space between two traces can increase the creepage distance. Leakage from one trace to the other along the laminate surface would have to travel around the air gap. Alternatively, a vertical barrier of insulating material could be placed in the space, which would increase both the creepage and clearance distances.
Keep in mind the spacing on assembled boards when you consider creepage and clearance requirements for layout. The distance between an uninsulated edge of a charged component and the edge of an adjacent component could be too small to meet a clearance requirement, even though the creepage distance between their traces is sufficient. Moreover, there may be some operations needed during assembly to meet clearance requirements: for example, applying potting compound to isolate the leads on the package of a power semiconductor from some nearby component.
If your project does not require compliance with a particular safety standard, you can rely on the latest version of IPC-2221, the generic standard for PCB design, for clearance and creepage guidance. In any case, consultation with your PCB fabricator and assembler regarding suitable materials (you can read our article about choosing the right material) and design alternatives will help you achieve a safe product that meets your performance objectives at the lowest possible cost.
Our quick trip through the basics of laying out boards that involve hazardous voltage amounts to just a first step, simply an opportunity to point to out some helpful and hopefully familiar guideposts as you start your journey.For more information on design rules, check with our DESIGN SERVICE team.
The construction of Air Insulated Substations (AIS) entails special requirements for the maintenance of minimum distances between the different phases in live parts as well as between live and earthed/grounded parts. There are further requirements for the clearance between live parts and surrounding fences or vehicles driving through the substation. All relevant clearances in high voltage substations can be calculated easily and quickly using primtech.
Air Insulated Substation 3D model with the 3 phases colored in red, green and blue
Intelligent 3D Substation Model
In order to calculate clearances in a substation according to IEC 60071-2, there are two fundamental prerequisites that have to be fulfilled:
a) A 3D CAD-model of the substation.
b) Information about each geometry - specifying if it is a live or earthed/grounded part, an insulator or a special object e.g. fence or street.
Both requirements are completely fulfilled by primtech.
Top view diagram of live phases in an Air Insulated Substation
The Phase Checker
On the basis of the intelligent primtech 3D-models, the Phase Checker classifies all geometries into the following:
* live parts
* earth parts
* insulators
* fences
* streets
All live parts are then classified, through automatic phase tracking, into phase 1, 2 or 3. As a side note, you can also use the phase checker to see if all electrical conductors are correctly connected.
Clearance Calculation
All the required minimum distances throughout the whole substation can now be automatically determined based on the 3D model processed by the Phase Checker. The parts of the substation to be checked for sufficient clearance by be chosen individually and flexibly. primtech then visually highlight the areas which do not fulfill the minimum distance requirements to each other. The following clearances can be calculates:
Warning for insufficient Phase to Earth (left) and Phase to Fence (right) clearanceApplied Voltage Calculator
*Phase to Phase
*Phase to Earth
*Phases to Streets
*Phases to Fences
*Phases to Ground Level
*Insulators to Ground Level
Insufficient Phase to Phase clearance
High Voltage Clearance Calculator ConversionClash DetectionVoltage Clearance Chart
In addition to the clearance calculation, primtech can check the 3D model for collisions.
Download here: http://gg.gg/v2lpi
https://diarynote.indered.space
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